Full faith and credit and same sex marriage

Douglas Laycock DLaycock at mail.law.utexas.edu
Tue Feb 24 09:45:18 PST 2004


         "public Acts" might mean any action performed by government, in 
which case "records and judicial proceedings" would be surplusage or 
possibly ejusdem generis elaboration.  I don't know if there are any cases 
considering that possibility.

         The more conventional reading is that "public Acts" means acts of 
the legislature -- statutes.  I assume -- again I know no case law on this 
-- that "public Acts" excludes private bills.

At 09:42 PM 2/23/2004 -0500, guayiya wrote:
>Can someone explain what "public acts" are, and why performing and 
>recording a civil marriage is not one?
>Daniel Hoffman
>
>Douglas Laycock wrote:
>>
>>The FF&C Clause requires FFC to "public Acts, records, and judicial 
>>proceedings."  As Earl says, there is absolutely no case law support for 
>>the view that there is any problem with a public policy refusal to 
>>recognize sister state "Laws."  There are repeated holdings that there 
>>can be no public policy refusal to recognize sister state 
>>judgments.  There is little or no law on on "records," or on "judicial 
>>proceedings" less than a judgment.
>>
>>The argument for mandatory recognition of marriages would have to be that 
>>because they represent the sister state's decision as applied to specific 
>>parties in a specific fact situation, they are more like a judgment than 
>>they are like a general rule of law.  Stretching further, the couple 
>>might argue that their marriage is reflected in a "record," or if they 
>>got married by a judge, that their marriage is reflected in a "judicial 
>>proceeding."  I would not take any of those claims on a contingent fee, 
>>and certainly not the last two.  But the distinction between laws and 
>>judgments, which has no basis in constituitional text, seems wholly 
>>arbitrary unless it is a distinction between general rules and specific 
>>cases.  So the argument for FF&C to specific cases is not bad.  But the 
>>rule as to marriages (all or nearly all in the lower courts) has been 
>>otherwise.
>>
>>Shameless plug:  I develop the textual, structural, and originalist 
>>argument against the public policy exception in Equal Citizens of Equal 
>>and Territorial States:  The Constitutional Foundations of Choice of Law, 
>>in 92 Columbia.  I do not claim case-law support.  In general, 
>>constitutional lawyers who have looked at choice of law have been much 
>>more inclined to find rules and constitutional limits; conflicts lawyers 
>>have been deeply resistant to either.
>>
>>-----Original Message-----
>>From: Earl Maltz <mailto:emaltz at crab.rutgers.edu><emaltz at crab.rutgers.edu>
>>To: Mark Tushnet 
>><mailto:tushnet at law.georgetown.edu><tushnet at law.georgetown.edu>
>>Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2004 15:30:22 -0500
>>Subject: Re: Full faith and credit and same sex marriage
>>
>>That certainly is the standard citation.  However, when I read the piece
>>several years ago, I found it completely unpersuasive.  My recollection
>>(subject to being corrected by Larry, of course) is that the article did
>>not discuss Hague; instead, it relied heavily on Hughes v. Fetter,
>>which  was by its terms was concerned only with the obligation to provide a
>>forum in a case where the substantive law of the two states was the
>>same.  Moreover, Justice Black EXPLICITLY stated that the case had no
>>application to a situation where the two states had different
>>policies.  Finally, the decision predated Hague by 30 years, and thus, to
>>the extent that it is inconsistent with Hague and its progeny, has been
>>modified or overruled sub silentio.
>>
>>So the question recurs:  what case authority does an expert have for
>>stating without qualification that the unadorned Full Faith and Credit
>>Credit Clause requires recognition of same sex marriage if the marriage is
>>valid where celebration.
>>
>>At 02:04 PM 2/22/2004 -0500, you wrote:
>>
>>>
>>>I think the standard citation would be Larry Kramer, Same-Sex Marriage,
>>>Conflict of Laws, and the Unconstitutional Public Policy Exception, 106
>>>Yale L.J. 1965 (1997).
>>>
>>>Conkle, Daniel O. wrote:
>>>
>>>>
>>>>I, too, would welcome a response to Earl's question.  In preparation for
>>>>an informal talk to a local service club last week, I did a bit of
>>>>research, which seemed to confirm Earl's view.  My research further
>>>>suggested that states, as a matter of conflict of laws, in fact
>>>>generally recognize a marriage from another state if the marriage was
>>>>valid under the law of that state, but they have refused to honor the
>>>>marriage if it is against the "strong public policy" of the forum state.
>>>>Anyway, my tentative conclusion was that from a legal point of view, the
>>>>federal DOMA provision addressing full faith and credit was an
>>>>"abundance of caution" statute for those who oppose the "portability" of
>>>>same-sex marriage. (Conversely, the various state-law DOMAs might have
>>>>more significance in defeating portability by confirming or indicating
>>>>the state's "strong public policy" against same-sex marriage.)  But I
>>>>can't claim any particular expertise on these issues, and I did not
>>>>conduct anything like exhaustive research.  So, I'll simply second
>>>>Earl's question.
>>>>
>>>>Dan Conkle
>>>>
>>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>>From:
>>>><mailto:conlawprof-bounces at lists.ucla.edu>conlawprof-bounces at lists.ucla.edu
>>>>[<mailto:conlawprof-bounces at lists.ucla.edu>mailto:conlawprof-bounces at lists.ucla.edu] 
>>>>On Behalf Of Earl Maltz
>>>>Sent: Sunday, February 22, 2004 12:50 PM
>>>>To: <mailto:conlawprof at lists.ucla.edu>conlawprof at lists.ucla.edu
>>>>Subject: Full faith and credit and same sex marriage
>>>>
>>>>In today's Philadelphia Inquirer, Kermit Roosevelt asserts categorically
>>>>
>>>>that, in the absence of Doma, states would be constitutionally required
>>>>to
>>>>recognize same sex marriages solemnized in states in which they were
>>>>legal.  I've seen this argument in law review articles as well, and I
>>>>always have the same question:  Since marriage is a contract and not a
>>>>judgment, why aren't states generally free not to recognize such unions
>>>>;under the rule of Allstate v. Hague?  Can anyone cite me to an S. Ct.
>>>>case
>>>>to the contrary?
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>_______________________________________________
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>>>>
>>>>_______________________________________________
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>>>><mailto:Conlawprof at lists.ucla.edu>Conlawprof at lists.ucla.edu
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>>>>
>>>>
>>
>>
>>
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>>
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>>
>
>
>
>Douglas Laycock
>University of Texas Law School
>727 E. Dean Keeton St.
>Austin, TX  78705
>         512-232-1341 (voice)
>         512-471-6988 (fax)
>         dlaycock at mail.law.utexas.edu
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